三.迦克頓信經 

The Chalcedon Creed   (主後  451  年迦克頓大公會)

我們跟隨聖教父,同心合意教人認識同一位子,我們的主耶穌基督,是神性完全、人性亦完全者;  他真是上帝,也真是人,具有理性的靈魂,也具有身體;按神性說,他與父同體;按人性說,他與我們同體;在凡事上與我們一樣,只是沒有罪;按神性說,在萬世之前,為父所生;按人性說,在晚進時日,為求拯救我們,由上帝之母,童女馬利亞所生;是同一基督,是子,是主,是獨生的,具有二性, 不相混亂,不相交換,不能分開,不能離散  ;二性的區別不因聯合而消失;各性的特點反得以保存,會合於一個位格,一個實質之內;而非分離成為兩個位格,卻是同一位子,獨生的,道上帝,主耶穌基督;正如眾先知論到他自始所宣講的,主耶穌基督自己所教訓我們的,諸聖教父的信經所傳給我們的。

The Symbol of Chalcedon:

We, then, following the Holy Fathers, all with one consent, teach men to confess the one and same Son, our Lord Jesus Christ, the same perfect in Godhead and also perfect in manhood; truly God and truly man, of a reasonable [rational] soul and body; consubstantial [coessential] with the Father according to the Godhead, and consubstantial to us according to the Manhood; in all things like unto us, without sin; begotten before all ages of the Father of the Father according to the Godhead, and in these latter days, for us and for our salvation, born of the Virgin Mary, the Mother of God, according to the Manhood; one and the same Christ, Son, Lord, Only-begotten, to be acknowledged in two natures, inconfusedly, unchangeably, indivisibly, inseparably; the distinction of natures by no means taken away by the union, but rather the property of each nature being preserved, and occuring in one Person and one Subsistance, not parted or divided into two persons, but one and the same Son, and only begotten, God the Word, the Lord Jesus Christ, as the prophets from the beginning [have declared] concerning him, and the Lord Jesus Christ himself has taught us, and the Creed of the holy Fathers has handed down to us.

迦克頓信經要對付的異端:

·        聶斯托留派   (Nestorians)  (後在唐朝傳入中國,稱為景教):認為耶穌神人兩性分離,形成兩個分立的位格。反對馬利亞被稱為「上帝之母」。

·        優提克斯派   (Eutychians)   :認為基督只有一個位格,但也只有神性,因其人性被神性湮沒。認為是「上帝降生、上帝受苦、上帝死了。」

迦克頓信經中可以被解釋成偏差的地方:

為了對付亞流派,強調基督的神性,支持尼西亞信經,迦克頓信經矯往過正,稱馬利亞為「上帝之母」。後被天主教利用,不是用來改變基督的本質,而是把馬利亞的地位從人抬高到幾乎是與神同等,作與基督的「共同救贖者」。更正教並未努力糾正之。今天,「從上帝之母馬利亞所生」應被修改為:「從童女馬利亞所生,她是基督之母,是基督人性的來源,而基督也是上帝,是聖子,是三位一體真神的第二位,是上帝的道,是道成肉身,是人類唯一的救贖者。」

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